Vertical aerial photography uses aerial cameras on flight platforms to capture vertical images, reducing field work and labor intensity, and is unrestricted by geography—images truly reflect surface morphology and textures. Equipped with POS systems, aerial cameras provide real-time position/attitude data, enabling ground feature measurement and production of digital outputs (e.g., digital raster maps, DLG, DEM, DOM).  Fast, precise, and cost-effective, it is widely applied in surveying, geology, hydrology, resource surveys, agricultural assessment, planning, route selection, and environmental monitoring, etc.

Oblique aerial photography overcomes limitations of traditional vertical photography, capturing multi-angle images simultaneously to obtain high-resolution textures on building tops and sides. It truly reflects ground features, captures high-precision textures, and generates realistic, measurable real-scene 3D models with advanced technologies. With high efficiency, precision, realism and low cost, it is widely used in smart cities, land planning, emergency intelligence, etc.

Airborne LiDAR, an active remote sensing tech integrating laser ranging and positioning/attitude determination, uses scanners on flight platforms to directly capture high-precision 3D coordinates and intensity data of surface features. Advantages: minimal weather/environment impact, penetrates thin clouds/fog; low external reliance, time-independent (night operations possible); rapid large-scale data acquisition; high positional accuracy for small targets; vegetation-impervious (via penetrability, multi-echo) for direct under-vegetation measurement. Widely used in power, smart cities, disaster surveys, environmental monitoring, forestry and agriculture (e.g., regional average tree height, canopy density analysis).

Hyperspectral imaging acquires images across continuous narrow spectral bands. Aerial hyperspectral, using spectrometers on flight platforms, simultaneously captures spatial, spectral, and radiometric data of features—with tens to hundreds of bands, far more than traditional visible RGB (3 bands). Its rich bands capture continuous, detailed spectral curves. With distinct spectral reflectance differences between/within features, targets are identifiable via spectral traits. Widely applied in ecological/crop pest monitoring, mineral exploration, resource surveys, urban planning, disaster monitoring, precision agriculture, and forest pest control, etc.

Seawater has a light transmission window, with 0.47-0.58μm blue-green light exhibiting minimal attenuation. Airborne laser bathymetry systems use 532nm blue-green lasers, measuring depth via surface-seabed reflection time differences. Combined with scanning and platform movement, they generate 3D seabed topographies—an efficient method for underwater 3D mapping. Beyond efficient shallow coastal depth measurement, applications include submarine/obstacle detection and coastal engineering (e.g., pipeline laying, platform siting, waterway dredging, etc).